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| An artist's impression of the rocky exoplanets and ultracool red dwarf star of Trappist-1. |
The James Webb Space Telescope has measured the temperature of a rocky
exoplanet for the first time, finding that a "cousin" of Earth most likely
lacks an atmosphere, researchers said Monday.
When the Trappist-1 system was discovered in 2017, astronomers were excited
at the prospect that some of its seven rocky planets—which are roughly
similar to Earth in size and mass—could be habitable.
Just 40 light years from Earth, the planets orbit much closer to their
ultracool red dwarf star than the rocky planets in our Solar System. But
their star gives off far less energy than our Sun.
The system made an obvious target for the piercing gaze of the Webb
telescope, which has unleashed a torrent of scientific discovery since
releasing its first observations in July last year.
Astronomers focused on Trappist-1b, the closest planet to the red dwarf,
because it was the easiest to spot.
Webb's Mid-Infrared Instrument (MIRI) measured the change in brightness when
the planet moved behind its star, in what is known as a secondary eclipse.
"Just before disappearing behind the star, the planet gives off the most
light because it almost exclusively shows its 'day' side," Elsa Ducrot, a
co-author of a new study published in the journal Nature, told AFP.
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| The Trappist-1 planetary system. |
By subtracting the brightness of the star, the researchers calculated how
much infrared light the planet was giving off.
The MIRI instrument was therefore able to act like "a giant touch-free
thermometer," NASA said in a statement.
'Perfect for baking pizza'
The planet's dayside temperature was determined to be 230 degrees Celsius
(450 Fahrenheit)—"just about perfect for baking pizza," NASA added.
France's Atomic Energy Commission (CEA) said that the heat was not
redistributed throughout this "cousin" of Earth, a role normally provided by
an atmosphere.
The scientists therefore concluded that Trappist-1b "has little or no
atmosphere," said Ducrot, a CEA astrophysicist. She emphasized that other
wavelengths would need to be analyzed to confirm the result.
But it was certain that the atmosphere did not contain carbon dioxide,
because that would have absorbed some of the light, she added.
The Spitzer Space Telescope was not able to rule out an atmosphere on
Trappist-1b despite observing 28 secondary eclipses, Ducrot said.
"The James Webb saw it in a single eclipse!"
The ability to analyze the potential atmospheres of such rocky exoplanets
opens "a new era" in the study of planets outside our Solar System, she
added.
It was already known that Trappist-1b was uninhabitable, as it is too close
to its star.
But Trappist-1e, Trappist-1f and Trappist-1g are all thought to be in what
is called the "goldilocks zone".
Planets in this zone have a moderate temperature which could support liquid
water—considered essential for life anywhere.
Reference:
Thomas Greene, Thermal Emission from the Earth-sized Exoplanet TRAPPIST-1 b
using JWST, Nature (2023).
DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-05951-7
Tags:
Space & Astrophysics