NASA wants to experiment with a new orbit around the moon that it hopes to
use in the coming years to once again land astronauts on the lunar surface.
So it is sending up a test satellite from New Zealand. The initial stages of
the launch went according to plan late Tuesday, with the rocket carrying the
satellite reaching space.
If the rest of the mission is successful, the Capstone CubeSat satellite —
only about the size of a microwave oven — will be the first to take the new
path around the moon and will send back vital information for at least six
months.
Technically, the new orbit is called a near-rectilinear halo orbit. It’s a
stretched-out egg shape with one end passing close to the moon and the other
far from it.
Imagine stretching a rubber band back from your thumb. Your thumb would
represent the moon and the rubber band the flight path.
“It will have equilibrium. Poise. Balance,” NASA wrote on its website. “This
pathfinding CubeSat will practically be able to kick back and rest in a
gravitational sweet spot in space – where the pull of gravity from Earth and
the Moon interact to allow for a nearly-stable orbit.”
Eventually, NASA plans to put a space station called Gateway into the
orbital path, from which astronauts can descend to the moon’s surface as
part of its Artemis program.
For the satellite mission, NASA teamed up with two commercial companies.
California-based Rocket Lab launched the rocket carrying the satellite,
which in turn is owned and operated by Colorado-based Advanced Space.
The mission came together relatively quickly and cheaply for NASA, with the
total mission cost put at $32.7 million.
Getting the 25-kilogram (55-pound) satellite into orbit will take more than
four months and be done in three stages.
First, Rocket Lab’s small Electron rocket launched from New Zealand’s Mahia
Peninsula. Just nine minutes later, the second stage called Photon separated
and went into orbit around Earth. Over the next five days, Photon’s engines
are scheduled to fire periodically to raise its orbit further and further
from Earth.
Six days after the launch, Photon’s engines will fire a final time, allowing
it to escape Earth’s orbit and head for the moon.
Photon will then release the satellite, which has its own small propulsion
system but which won’t use much energy as it cruises toward the moon over
four months, with a few planned trajectory course corrections along the way.
“Perfect Electron launch!” Rocket Lab founder Peter Beck tweeted Tuesday.
“Lunar photon is in Low Earth Orbit.”
Rocket Lab spokesperson Morgan Bailey said it was the most ambitious and
complex mission it has undertaken so far and comes after more than two years
of work with NASA and Advanced Space. She said it will be the first time
Rocket Lab has tested its HyperCurie engine that will be used to power
Photon.
“Certainly lots of hard problems to solve along the way, but we’ve ticked
them off one by one, and made it to launch day,” Bailey said.
Bailey said one of the advantages of the orbit is that, theoretically, a
space station should be able to maintain continuous communication with Earth
because it will avoid being eclipsed by the moon.
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Space & Astrophysics