When Pluto passed in front of a star on the night of August 15, 2018, a
Southwest Research Institute-led team of astronomers had deployed telescopes
at numerous sites in the U.S. and Mexico to observe Pluto’s atmosphere as it
was briefly backlit by the well-placed star. Scientists used this
occultation event to measure the overall abundance of Pluto’s tenuous
atmosphere and found compelling evidence that it is beginning to disappear,
refreezing back onto its surface as it moves farther away from the Sun.
The occultation took about two minutes, during which time the star faded
from view as Pluto’s atmosphere and solid body passed in front of it. The
rate at which the star disappeared and reappeared determined the density
profile of Pluto’s atmosphere.
“Scientists have used occultations to monitor changes in Pluto’s atmosphere
since 1988,” said Dr. Eliot Young, a senior program manager in SwRI’s Space
Science and Engineering Division. “The New Horizons mission obtained an
excellent density profile from its 2015 flyby, consistent with Pluto’s bulk
atmosphere doubling every decade, but our 2018 observations do not show that
trend continuing from 2015.”
Several telescopes deployed near the middle of the shadow’s path observed a
phenomenon called a “central flash,” caused by Pluto’s atmosphere refracting
light into a region at the very center of the shadow. When measuring an
occultation around an object with an atmosphere, the light dims as it passes
through the atmosphere and then gradually returns. This produces a moderate
slope on either end of the U-shaped light curve. In 2018, refraction by
Pluto’s atmosphere created a central flash near the center of its shadow,
turning it into a W-shaped curve.
“The central flash seen in 2018 was by far the strongest that anyone has
ever seen in a Pluto occultation,” Young said. “The central flash gives us
very accurate knowledge of Pluto’s shadow path on the Earth.”
Like Earth, Pluto’s atmosphere is predominantly nitrogen. Unlike Earth,
Pluto’s atmosphere is supported by the vapor pressure of its surface ices,
which means that small changes in surface ice temperatures would result in
large changes in the bulk density of its atmosphere. Pluto takes 248 Earth
years to complete one full orbit around the Sun, and its distance varies
from its closest point, about 30 astronomical units from the Sun (1 AU is
the distance from the Earth to the Sun), to 50 AU from the Sun.
For the past quarter century, Pluto has been receiving less and less
sunlight as it moves farther away from the Sun, but, until 2018, its surface
pressure and atmospheric density continued to increase. Scientists
attributed this to a phenomenon known as thermal inertia.
“An analogy to this is the way the Sun heats up sand on a beach,” said SwRI
Staff Scientist Dr. Leslie Young, who specializes in modeling the
interaction between the surfaces and atmospheres of icy bodies in the outer
solar system. “Sunlight is most intense at high noon, but the sand then
continues soaking up the heat over course of the afternoon, so it is hottest
in late afternoon. The continued persistence of Pluto’s atmosphere suggests
that nitrogen ice reservoirs on Pluto’s surface were kept warm by stored
heat under the surface. The new data suggests they are starting to cool.”
The largest known nitrogen reservoir is Sputnik Planitia, a bright glacier
that makes up the western lobe of the heart-shaped Tombaugh Regio. The data
will help atmospheric modelers improve their understanding of Pluto’s
subsurface layers, particularly regarding compositions that are compatible
with the observed limits on heat transfer.
The findings have been shared at the American Astronomical Society Division for Planetary Sciences Annual Meeting.
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